The failure of this generalized no-hair conjecture is demonstrated by the Einstein–Yang–Mills (EYM)
theory: According to the conjecture, any static solution of the EYM equations should either coincide
with the Schwarzschild metric or have some non-vanishing Yang–Mills charges. This turned
out not to be the case when, in 1989, various authors [310, 208
, 24
] found a family of static
black-hole solutions with vanishing global Yang–Mills charges (as defined, e.g., in [74]); these
were originally constructed by numerical means and rigorous existence proofs were given later
in [299, 297, 298, 29, 227]; for a review see [311]. These solutions violate the generalized no-hair
conjecture.
As the non-Abelian black holes are unstable [301, 329, 315], one might adopt the view that they do not
present actual threats to the generalized no-hair conjecture. (The reader is referred to [37] for the general
structure of the pulsation equations, [309, 40], to [27
] for the sphaleron instabilities of the particle-like
solutions, and to [292] for a review on sphalerons.) However, various authors have found stable black
holes, which are not characterized by a set of asymptotic flux integrals. For instance, there
exist stable black-hole solutions with hair of the static, spherically-symmetric Einstein–Skyrme
equations [94, 156, 157, 161, 241] and to the EYM equations coupled to a Higgs triplet [28
, 30
, 214
, 1
];
it should be noted that the solutions of the EYM–Higgs equations with a Higgs doublet are
unstable [27, 324]. Hence, the restriction of the generalized no-hair conjecture to stable configurations is
not correct either.
One of the reasons why it was not until 1989 that black-hole solutions with self-gravitating gauge fields were discovered was the widespread belief that the EYM equations admit no soliton solutions. There were, at least, five reasons in support of this hypothesis.
All this shows that it was conceivable to conjecture a nonexistence theorem for soliton solutions of the
EYM equations in 3+1 dimensions, and a no-hair theorem for the corresponding black hole configurations.
On the other hand, none of the above examples takes care of the full nonlinear EYM system, which bears
the possibility to balance the gravitational and the gauge field interactions. In fact, a closer look at the
structure of the EYM action in the presence of a Killing symmetry dashes the hope to generalize
the uniqueness proof along the lines used in the Abelian case: The Mazur identity owes its
existence to the -model formulation of the EM equations. The latter is, in turn, based on
scalar magnetic potentials, the existence of which is a peculiarity of Abelian gauge fields (see
Section 6).
http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2012-7 |
Living Rev. Relativity 15, (2012), 7
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