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3.3 The brane viewpoint: A 1 + 3-covariant analysis

Following [218Jump To The Next Citation Point], a systematic analysis can be developed from the viewpoint of a brane-bound observer. The effects of bulk gravity are conveyed, from a brane observer viewpoint, via the local (S mn) and nonlocal (Emn) corrections to Einstein’s equations. (In the more general case, bulk effects on the brane are also carried by Fmn, which describes any 5D fields.) The Emn term cannot in general be determined from data on the brane, and the 5D equations above (or their equivalent) need to be solved in order to find Emn.

The general form of the brane energy-momentum tensor for any matter fields (scalar fields, perfect fluids, kinetic gases, dissipative fluids, etc.), including a combination of different fields, can be covariantly given in terms of a chosen 4-velocity um as

Tmn = rumun + phmn + pmn + qmun + qnum. (83)
Here r and p are the energy density and isotropic pressure, respectively, and
(5) hmn = gmn + umun = gmn - nmnn + umun (84)
projects into the comoving rest space orthogonal to um on the brane. The momentum density and anisotropic stress obey
qm = q<m>, pmn = p <mn>, (85)
where angled brackets denote the spatially projected, symmetric, and tracefree part:
[ ] n a b 1 ab V <m> = hm Vn, W <mn> = h(m hn) - 3-h hmn Wab. (86)
In an inertial frame at any point on the brane, we have
sum um = (1, 0), hmn = diag(0,1, 1,1), Vm = (0, Vi), Wm0 = 0 = Wii = Wij - Wji, (87)
where i,j = 1,2,3.

The tensor Smn, which carries local bulk effects onto the brane, may then be irreducibly decomposed as

1 [ ] 1 [ ] Smn = --- 2r2- 3pabpab umun + --- 2r2 + 4rp + pabpab - 4qaqa hmn 24 24 - 1-(r + 2p)pmn + pa<mpn>a + q<mqn> + 1rq(mun) - -1-qapa(mun). (88) 12 3 12
This simplifies for a perfect fluid or minimally-coupled scalar field to
1 Smn = ---r[rumun + (r + 2p) hmn]. (89) 12

The tracefree Emn carries nonlocal bulk effects onto the brane, and contributes an effective “dark” radiative energy-momentum on the brane, with energy density rE, pressure rE/3, momentum density E qm, and anisotropic stress E pmn:

( ) - -1-Emn = rE umun + 1hmn + qEun + qEum + pE . (90) k2 3 m n mn
We can think of this as a KK or Weyl “fluid”. The brane “feels” the bulk gravitational field through this effective fluid. More specifically:

In special cases, symmetry will impose simplifications on this tensor. For example, it must vanish for a conformally flat bulk, including AdS5,

(5) gAB conformally flat ==> Emn = 0. (91)
The RS models have a Minkowski brane in an AdS 5 bulk. This bulk is also compatible with an FRW brane. However, the most general vacuum bulk with a Friedmann brane is Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter spacetime [249Jump To The Next Citation Point32Jump To The Next Citation Point]. Then it follows from the FRW symmetries that
E E Schwarzschild AdS5bulk, FRW brane: qm = 0 = p mn, (92)
where rE = 0 only if the mass of the black hole in the bulk is zero. The presence of the bulk black hole generates via Coulomb effects the dark radiation on the brane.

For a static spherically symmetric brane (e.g., the exterior of a static star or black hole) [73Jump To The Next Citation Point],

E static spherical brane: qm = 0. (93)
This condition also holds for a Bianchi I brane [221Jump To The Next Citation Point]. In these cases, pE mn is not determined by the symmetries, but by the 5D field equations. By contrast, the symmetries of a Gödel brane fix E p mn [20].

The brane-world corrections can conveniently be consolidated into an effective total energy density, pressure, momentum density, and anisotropic stress:

rtot = r + -1-(2r2 - 3pmnpmn)+ rE, (94) 4c -1-( 2 mn m) rE- ptot = p + 4c 2r + 4rp + pmnp - 4qmq + 3 , (95) 1 qtomt = qm + ---(2rqm - 3pmnqn) + qEm, (96) 2c ptot = p + -1-[-(r + 3p)p + 3p p a + 3q q ]+ pE . (97) mn mn 2c mn a<m n> <m n> mn
These general expressions simplify in the case of a perfect fluid (or minimally coupled scalar field, or isotropic one-particle distribution function), i.e., for qm = 0 = pmn, to
( ) r-- rE- rtot = r 1 + 2c + r , (98) r rE ptot = p +---(2p + r) + --, (99) tot E 2c 3 qm = qm, (100) ptot= pE . (101) mn mn
Note that nonlocal bulk effects can contribute to effective imperfect fluid terms even when the matter on the brane has perfect fluid form: There is in general an effective momentum density and anisotropic stress induced on the brane by massive KK modes of the 5D graviton.

The effective total equation of state and sound speed follow from Equations (98View Equation) and (99View Equation) as

ptot w-+-(1-+-2w)r/2c--+-rE/3r- wtot =_ r = 1 + r/2c + r /r , (102) tot [ E ][ ]-1 2 ptot 2 r +-p- -------4rE-------- -------4rE-------- ctot =_ rtot = cs + r + c + 9(r + p)(1 + r/c) 1 + 3(r + p)(1 + r/c) , (103)
where w = p/r and 2 cs = p/r. At very high energies, i.e., r » c, we can generally neglect rE (e.g., in an inflating cosmology), and the effective equation of state and sound speed are stiffened:
2 2 wtot ~~ 2w + 1, ctot ~~ cs + w + 1. (104)
This can have important consequences in the early universe and during gravitational collapse. For example, in a very high-energy radiation era, w = 1/3, the effective cosmological equation of state is ultra-stiff: wtot ~~ 5/3. In late-stage gravitational collapse of pressureless matter, w = 0, the effective equation of state is stiff, wtot ~~ 1, and the effective pressure is nonzero and dynamically important.

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